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CSI-RS (Channel State Information Reference Signal) provides essential measurements for link adaptation, beam selection, rank and layer determination, and tracking in 5G NR. These measurements help optimize the network's performance. For a detailed explanation of the parameters and reporting, read more here: https://www.nxgconnect.com/post/csi-rs-in-5g-nr

CQI guides MCS, RI/LI sets layers, PMI/CRI align beams/precoders, and power/quality metrics drive robust scheduling across BWPs and resources. Details in CSI-RS in 5G NR: https://www.nxgconnect.com/post/csi-rs-in-5g-nr

NR shifts from always-on signals to configurable, UE-specific CSI-RS with higher port counts and granular reporting tied to CSI-RS/SSB and CSI-IM resources. Comparison in CSI-RS in 5G NR: https://www.nxgconnect.com/post/csi-rs-in-5g-nr

CP provides a guard interval to mitigate ISI/ICI in OFDM, essential to robustness across multipath and delay spreads in LTE/NR. See Cyclic Prefix (CP) in LTE & 5G: https://www.nxgconnect.com/post/cyclic-prefix-cp-in-lte-5g

IAB uses NR relays for wireless backhaul where fiber is limited, accelerating and cost-optimizing 5G deployments in certain topologies. Read IAB in 5G: https://www.nxgconnect.com/post/integrated-access-and-backhaul-iab-in-5g

The comparison article outlines PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC, NAS, and SDAP deltas that enable NR’s throughput, latency, and flexibility gains. See the protocol comparison: https://www.nxgconnect.com/post/differences-between-4g-lte-and-5g-technology-protocol-parameters

TA step and NTA,offset depend on duplex mode and frequency range; higher SCS shortens slot duration, making precise TA tracking https://www.nxgconnect.com/post/timing-advance-ta-in-4g-and-5g

CP sets the guard interval to absorb multipath delay spread; using normal vs extended CP trades spectral efficiency for robustness in channels with severe delay or Doppler conditions. Details: https://www.nxgconnect.com/post/cyclic-prefix-cp-in-lte-5g

5GC splits mobility/security (AMF) from session control (SMF), simplifying lifecycles and enabling per‑slice policy via NSSF/PCF, with UPF anchoring scalable user plane breakouts near edges. Session context creation flows through AMF→SMF→UPF with policy/QoS derived from PCF and subscriber data from UDM. NRF’s discovery lets functions bind dynamically, aiding resilience and upgrades without service impact. For multi‑access, AMF handles interworking across NR, Wi‑Fi, and LTE to unify registration and paging. Details: https://www.nxgconnect.com/post/5g-core-network-architecture-components-their-functional-descriptions

The 5G Core (5GC) is a cloud-native, service-based architecture that includes Network Functions (NFs) such as AMF, SMF, UPF, PCF, UDM, AUSF, NRF, and NSSF. These functions interact over standard APIs to handle registration, authentication, session setup, policy, and slice selection. This setup allows for elastic scaling and multi-access support across NR, LTE, and Wi-Fi. The AMF handles mobility and security, the SMF manages PDU sessions, and the UPF directs user plane traffic. The NRF helps with NF discovery for dynamic service meshes. NAS and NGAP procedures connect the control plane end-to-end, with the AMF managing handover contexts and the SMF/UPF updating paths. This modular approach, unlike the monolithic EPC, enables network slicing and agile deployment. Read more: https://www.nxgconnect.com/post/5g-core-network-architecture-components-their-functional-descriptions

CORESET defines time‑frequency regions carrying PDCCH, decoupling control from fixed locations and enabling flexible placement, aggregation levels, and interference management per cell/BWP. Unlike LTE’s fixed control at slot start and full‑band span, NR allows targeted control regions tailored to device bandwidth and coverage needs. This improves efficiency for IoT and coverage‑limited UEs by reducing blind‑decode complexity and focusing DCI search spaces. Tuning CORESET size/position balances reliability, capacity, and latency for diverse deployments. Deep dive: https://www.nxgconnect.com/post/5g-coreset-control-resource-set-a-deep-dive

Configurable search spaces scope where a UE looks for PDCCH, while aggregation levels determine CCE bundling for robustness vs. overhead. High aggregation improves decode at cell edge but consumes more resources; low aggregation favors capacity and latency under good SINR. Mapping search spaces per UE and CORESET allows differentiated QoS and mobility behavior. Careful design reduces missed grants and unnecessary blind decodes. Learn more: https://www.nxgconnect.com/post/5g-coreset-control-resource-set-a-deep-dive

NR retains legacy identifiers (C‑RNTI, RA‑RNTI, SI‑RNTI, P‑RNTI) and adds new ones (SFI‑RNTI, INT‑RNTI, SP‑CSI‑RNTI, I‑RNTI, PO‑RNTI, MCS‑C‑RNTI) to support flexible slots, preemption, SP‑CSI reporting, inactive state, paging alignment, and dynamic group scheduling. Correct RNTI assignment sculpts control decoding scopes and procedure behaviors. Misconfiguration can cause blind‑decode waste or missed control. Understanding contexts improves debugging and KPI outcomes. Primer: https://www.nxgconnect.com/post/radio-network-temporary-identifiers-rntis-in-5g-nr

NR relays provide wireless backhaul using donor cells, expediting densification and lowering upfront fiber costs, especially for mmWave sites. Hierarchical topologies balance hop latency versus reach, while resource partitioning avoids starving access traffic. Centralized control helps coordinate interference and QoS across backhaul and access. Real‑world plans mix IAB with selective fiber for resilience. Overview: https://www.nxgconnect.com/post/integrated-access-and-backhaul-iab-in-5g

NR introduces flexible SCS, beam‑centric operation, BWPs, SDAP for QoS flows, and reworked MAC/RLC/PDCP/RRC behaviors to enable lower latency and higher throughput. NR’s control is decoupled via CORESET/search spaces, and features like mini‑slots/preemption support URLLC coexistence. Mobility, QoS, and slicing are tighter with 5GC integration. These stack‑wide changes drive NR’s versatility from FWA to XR. Comparison: https://www.nxgconnect.com/post/differences-between-4g-lte-and-5g-technology-protocol-parameters